Data Structures

JavaScript data types and data structures

Programming languages all have built-in data structures, but these often differ from one language to another. This article attempts to list the built-in data structures available in JavaScript and what properties they have. These can be used to build other data structures. Wherever possible, comparisons with other languages are drawn.

Dynamic typing

JavaScript is a loosely typed and dynamiclanguage. Variables in JavaScript are not directly associated with any particular value type, and any variable can be assigned (and re-assigned) values of all types:

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JavaScript types

The set of types in the JavaScript language consists of primitive values and objects.

• Primitive values (immutable datum represented directly at the lowest level of the language)

  • Boolean type
  • Null type
  • Undefined type
  • Number type
  • BigInt type
  • String type
  • Symbol type
• Objects (collections of properties)

Primitive values

All types except objects define immutable values (that is, values which can't be changed). For example (and unlike in C), Strings are immutable. We refer to values of these types as "primitive values".

Boolean type

Boolean represents a logical entity and can have two values: true and false. See Boolean and Boolean for more details.

Null type

The Null type has exactly one value: null. See null and Null for more details.

Undefined type

A variable that has not been assigned a value has the value undefined. See undefined and Undefined for more details.

Numeric types

ECMAScript has two built-in numeric types: Number and BigInt — along with the related value NaN.

Number type

The Number type is a double-precision 64-bit binary format IEEE 754 value. It is capable of storing floating-point numbers between 2^-1074 and 2^1024, but can only safely store integers in the range -(2^53 − 1) to 2^53 − 1. Values outside of the range from Number.MIN_VALUE to Number.MAX_VALUE are automatically converted to either +Infinity or -Infinity, which behave similarly to mathematical infinity, but with some slight differences; see Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY for details.

Note: You are can check if a number is in the double-precision floating-point number range using Number.isSafeInteger() Outside the range from Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER to Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, JavaScript can no longer safely represent integers; they will instead be represented by a double-precision floating point approximation.

The number type has only one integer with multiple representations: 0 is represented as both -0 and +0 (where 0 is an alias for +0). In practice, there is almost no difference between the different representations; for example, +0 === -0 is true. However, you are able to notice this when you divide by zero:

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Although a number often represents only its value, JavaScript provides binary (bitwise) operators.

Note: Although bitwise operators can be used to represent several Boolean values within a single number using bit masking, this is usually considered a bad practice. JavaScript offers other means to represent a set of Booleans (like an array of Booleans, or an object with Boolean values assigned to named properties). Bit masking also tends to make the code more difficult to read, understand, and maintain.

It may be necessary to use such techniques in very constrained environments, like when trying to cope with the limitations of local storage, or in extreme cases (such as when each bit over the network counts). This technique should only be considered when it is the last measure that can be taken to optimize size.

BigInt type

The BigInt type is a numeric primitive in JavaScript that can represent integers with arbitrary precision. With BigInts, you can safely store and operate on large integers even beyond the safe integer limit for Numbers.

A BigInt is created by appending n to the end of an integer or by calling the constructor.

You can obtain the largest safe value that can be incremented with Numbers by using the constant Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER. With the introduction of BigInts, you can operate with numbers beyond the Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER.

This example demonstrates, where incrementing the Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER returns the expected result:

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You can use the operators +, *, -, **, and %with BigInts—just like with Numbers. A BigInt is not strictly equal to a Number, but it is loosely so.

A BigInt behaves like a Number in cases where it is converted to boolean: if, ||, &&, Boolean, !.

BigInts cannot be operated on interchangeably with Numbers. Instead a TypeError will be thrown.

NaN

NaN ("Not a Number") is typically encountered when the result of an arithmetic operation cannot be expressed as a number. It is also the only value in JavaScript that is not equal to itself.

String type

JavaScript's String type is used to represent textual data. It is a set of "elements" of 16-bit unsigned integer values. Each element in the String occupies a position in the String. The first element is at index 0, the next at index 1, and so on. The length of a String is the number of elements in it.

Unlike some programming languages (such as C), JavaScript strings are immutable. This means that once a string is created, it is not possible to modify it.

However, it is still possible to create another string based on an operation on the original string. For example:

• A substring of the original by picking individual letters or using String.substr().
• A concatenation of two strings using the concatenation operator (+) or String.concat().

Beware of "stringly-typing" your code!

It can be tempting to use strings to represent complex data. Doing this comes with short-term benefits:

• It is easy to build complex strings with concatenation.
• Strings are easy to debug (what you see printed is always what is in the string).
• Strings are the common denominator of a lot of APIs (input fields, local storage values, XMLHttpRequest responses when using responseText, etc.) and it can be tempting to only work with strings.

With conventions, it is possible to represent any data structure in a string. This does not make it a good idea. For instance, with a separator, one could emulate a list (while a JavaScript array would be more suitable). Unfortunately, when the separator is used in one of the "list" elements, then, the list is broken. An escape character can be chosen, etc. All of this requires conventions and creates an unnecessary maintenance burden.

Use strings for textual data. When representing complex data, parse strings, and use the appropriate abstraction.

Symbol type

A Symbol is a unique and immutable primitive value and may be used as the key of an Object property (see below). In some programming languages, Symbols are called "atoms".

For more details see Symbol and the Symbolobject wrapper in JavaScript.

Objects

In computer science, an object is a value in memory which is possibly referenced by an identifier.

Properties

In JavaScript, objects can be seen as a collection of properties. With the object literal syntax, a limited set of properties are initialized; then properties can be added and removed. Property values can be values of any type, including other objects, which enables building complex data structures. Properties are identified using keyvalues. A key value is either a String value or a Symbol value.

There are two types of object properties: The data property and the accessor property.

Note: Each property has corresponding attributes. Attributes are used internally by the JavaScript engine, so you cannot directly access them. That's why attributes are listed in double square brackets, rather than single.

See Object.defineProperty() to learn more.

Data property

Associates a key with a value, and has the following attributes:

Accessor property

Associates a key with one of two accessor functions (get and set) to retrieve or store a value.

Note: It's important to recognize it's accessor property — not accessor method. We can give a JavaScript object class-like accessors by using a function as a value — but that doesn't make the object a class.

An accessor property has the following attributes:

"Normal" objects, and functions

A JavaScript object is a mapping between keysand values. Keys are strings (or Symbols), and values can be anything. This makes objects a natural fit for hashmaps.

Functions are regular objects with the additional capability of being callable.

Dates

When representing dates, the best choice is to use the built-in Date utility in JavaScript.

Indexed collections: Arrays and typed Arrays

Arrays are regular objects for which there is a particular relationship between integer-keyed properties and the length property.

Additionally, arrays inherit from Array.prototype, which provides to them a handful of convenient methods to manipulate arrays. For example, indexOf() (searching a value in the array) or push() (adding an element to the array), and so on. This makes Arrays a perfect candidate to represent lists or sets.

Typed Arrays are new to JavaScript with ECMAScript 2015, and present an array-like view of an underlying binary data buffer. The following table helps determine the equivalent C data types:

Keyed collections: Maps, Sets, WeakMaps, WeakSets

These data structures, introduced in ECMAScript Edition 6, take object references as keys. Setand WeakSet represent a set of objects, while Map and WeakMap associate a value to an object.

The difference between Maps and WeakMaps is that in the former, object keys can be enumerated over. This allows garbage collection optimizations in the latter case.

One could implement Maps and Sets in pure ECMAScript 5. However, since objects cannot be compared (in the sense of < "less than", for instance), look-up performance would necessarily be linear. Native implementations of them (including WeakMaps) can have look-up performance that is approximately logarithmic to constant time.

Usually, to bind data to a DOM node, one could set properties directly on the object, or use data-* attributes. This has the downside that the data is available to any script running in the same context. Maps and WeakMaps make it easy to privately bind data to an object.

Structured data: JSON

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format, derived from JavaScript, but used by many programming languages. JSON builds universal data structures.

See JSON and JSON for more details.

More objects in the standard library

JavaScript has a standard library of built-in objects.

Please have a look at the reference to find out about more objects.

Determining types using the typeof operator

The typeof operator can help you to find the type of your variable.

Please read the reference page for more details and edge cases.

See also

• JavaScript Data Structures and Algorithms by Oleksii Trekhleb
• Nicholas Zakas collection of common data structure and common algorithms in JavaScript.
• Search Tre(i)es implemented in JavaScript
• Data Types and Values in the ECMAScript specification